Quotes from Geert Mak

Yet even that equality within the American middle classes had started to erode. The new models of car, for example, were categorised by rank and status. For those starting out there was the Chevrolet, next came the Pontiacs, Oldsmobiles and Buicks, while the seriously rich drove Cadillacs. Not only that; buying and consuming were increasingly a social norm. You had to drive a new Pontiac, and by 1959 anyone still riding around in a 1956 model was

breach between the old society of survival and the consumer society; getting into debt, always regarded as a burden and possibly a disgrace, was suddenly perfectly normal, even encouraged.

David Halberstam describes a young viewer – he may mean himself – who was fascinated by the fact that a child in one such series was 'sent upstairs to his room' as a punishment. At that point he could only dream of living in a house that had an upstairs, let alone a room of his own. But the message of every soap manufacturer, repeated over and over again, was 'tomorrow you too can live like this'.

Mass television-viewing had some rather less desirable effects on Americans as well. Graphs for those years show a clear change of direction: Americans read fewer books, did less

voluntary work, grew fatter and spent more time at home. The house and the immediate family became central, to the detriment of public life.

Nada Barry, widow of Bob Barry, had first arrived in Sag Harbor to carry out some sociological research. One of her observations, even back then, was that the typical American porch culture, whereby a family would sit on the large veranda at the front of the house in the evenings and chat with every passer-by, had disappeared completely in Sag Harbor by the

were suddenly up for discussion. In all sorts of ways, the American society of the 1950s was in a state of fermentation: black citizens wanted equal rights; students and artists were experimenting in a bid to find alternatives to the consumer society; conservatives were carrying out experiments of their own in an attempt to hold on to their religion and traditions; and women had begun to realise they were suffocating in the pretty-pretty life of the suburbs.

In London, Jean Monnet – who had by now risen to be head of the Anglo-French Coordination Committee, launched a daring, last-minute emergency plan: he wanted France and Great Britain to become one. A joint pool of shipping space had already been set up, just as in the First World War, but this time Monnet wanted to go much further. In a memorandum of less than five pages he proposed that the two countries become united: their armies, their

Hitler, in fact, was not at all doomed to lose the war. In summer 1940, peace reigned in Europe. The greatest European conflict, that between Germany and France, had already been settled, and only the British were still fighting a rearguard action against German supremacy. What is more, in 1940 Hitler was still riding on an enormous groundswell of goodwill.

One is struck again and again, in all the historical documents, by how small the Gestapo organisation really was, by how the Nazis repressed the entire German population with such a relatively small apparatus – particularly compared to, for example, the East German Stasi later in the same century. The Stasi employed more than 100,000 people to keep an eye on 17 million East Germans, while the Gestapo apparently needed no more than 40–60,000 for an empire of some 80 million

The Kristallnacht had to be carefully orchestrated, while the Viennese pogroms had largely flared up of their own accord. In Das Schwarze Korps, the SS correspondent in Vienna wrote admiringly: 'The Viennese have managed to do overnight what we have failed to achieve in the slow moving, ponderous past. In Austria, a boycott of the Jews does not need organising – the people themselves have initiated it.

There's no truth in the idea that the Germans had closed ranks, or that they were terrorised by the SS and the Gestapo. Not at all: 60 per cent of the people were Nazis themselves.

Hitler's regime maintained its generally accepted authority in Germany almost until the bitter end. In fact, large parts of the population supported that regime enthusiastically. Resistance was so uncommon that it could easily be nipped in the bud. Propaganda was readily believed, repression was a matter of loving one's country, obedience was the rule, informing on neighbours a patriotic duty.

time for things like wedding rings

Siedler: 'I remember talking to this young officer whose only concern was whether he would be shot or hanged. The noose, he

Over Basken] Hun taal knarst als een spijkerschrift

EVER SINCE 29 SEPTEMBER, 1938, discussions about war and peace in Europe have revolved around the same, fearful question: will this be a Sarajevo or a Munich? In other words: can a great deal of diplomacy achieve a shaky balance, or must evil be crushed by force? We know that, in both cases, a war was the result, we know that everything went wrong afterwards, but each time we come back to those two cities, those contrapuntal reference points for the twentieth

De geschiedenis van de holocaust zit onder de vingerafdrukken van de moderniteit, van de maakbare maatschappij

Nooit, nooit lijkt de toekomst op het heden.

All unemployed Jews are sent to labour camps in the countryside. A survivor remembered that "It was like a Russian winter. The snow lay metres deep on the tracks and froze over. To be there made one feel as though one was overwintering in Nova Zemlya."27

Nowhere but in England are the papers so full of fascinating misbehaviour. There is always a scandal brewing, there is always a politician, village vicar or bank manager being pilloried, yet at the same time the country breathes a remarkable sense of order.

He immediately began to de-privatize. He revoked the licences to the unpopular Imperial Continental Gas Association and fashioned it into a company owned by the municipality. The same happened with the water pipeline over the dunes and the Amsterdamse Omnibus Maatschappij (Amsterdam Omnibus Company), which had run a number of horse-drawn trams in the city since 1875. In doing all this, Treub instigated an evolutionary process that was to give a lasting social basis to city policy. From

Ongemerkt had zich binnen onze hoogontwikkelde samenleving een nieuwe tweedeling ontwikkeld: die tussen snellen en langzamen.

Ik bezoek het veld waar de Royal New Foundland Regiment vrijwel compleet werd neergemaaid bij een onzinnige aanval, een geval van collectieve zelfmoord waarvan moslimfundamentalisten nog iets zouden kunnen leren.