Quotes from Rajmohan Gandhi

that by defeating several Muslim chiefs in battle, the Maharaja had conveyed to the Muslims that 'the edge of the sword [was] not always evidence of the truth of

between March and August there was a steady flow of urban and rural Sikhs and Hindus from Rawalpindi, Multan, Attock, Lahore and other western districts to safe havens in eastern Punjab. In all, about 500,000 may have moved east before mid-August.

the real test of Pakistan will be the way it treats the nationalist Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and Hindus in Pakistan. Then Muslims themselves have various sects; there are Shias and Sunnis and various others. It is to be seen how these various sects are treated

Despite a common adherence to Islam, Punjabi Muslims did not join the Afghans in their battles against the Sikhs.

On 8 March, pressed by Punjab's Sikh and Hindu leaders and shaken by the violence in Amritsar and Multan (apparently it had not yet learnt about Rawalpindi district), the Congress working committee, meeting in New Delhi, asked for 'a division of the Punjab into two Provinces, so that the predominantly Muslim part may be separated from the predominantly non-Muslim part'.58

In February 1859, after military rule ended in Delhi, the city was formally ceded to Punjab, becoming one of its districts.

during the Panipat battle of 1761, the Sikhs had remained neutral between the Afghans and the Marathas.

By this momentous resolution the Congress had conceded Pakistan, while also insisting that east Punjab would stay out of it. (The implied demand that Bengal should be similarly divided was soon made explicit.) When the League asked for a division of India, the Congress had said no. Now, along with Punjab's Sikh and Hindu leaders, the Congress was demanding a division of Punjab.

Bedis, Sodhis, Trehans and Bhallas coming down from Guru Nanak, Guru Ram Das, Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das

Rule Punjab and the rest of India as a superior race, dismissing any notion of equality between rulers and subjects

Recruit new soldiers for the Empire's armies from rural Punjab but underscore every recruit's distinct religion and caste

The strategy of providing quality while refusing equality was vulnerable.

If one regiment mutinies, the next regiment [should be] so alien that it would be ready to fire into it.

Battle-itch, hate, contempt and greed. The ingredients were waiting to be utilized, and a strategy presented itself to John Lawrence. Recall, with due care, the Sikh love of war. Stir and use the dislikes: Sikh resentment of Muslim rule, Muslim resentment of Sikh domination, Punjabi disdain of the Purbiah. Spread word of the chance to plunder Delhi under British protection.

the Empire assured Muslims and other minority 'elements in India's national life' that Britain would never allow 'their coercion into submission' to a majority government

Four hundred and fifty years earlier, the poet Kabir, whose profession as a spinner/weaver was in part emulated by Gandhi, had also spoken of Ram-Rahim.

The Empire seemed to be giving a veto on India's political advance to Jinnah, the princes and Ambedkar.

In March 1748, different Sikh jathas or groups agreed to form a Dal Khalsa, an army of the Singhs, under the leadership of another Jassa Singh—Jassa Singh Ahluwalia81—who advanced the idea that the Khalsa should one day govern Punjab.

the British would not permit a government 'whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in India's national life

Guru Nanak named as his successor a disciple, Lehna, a Khatri of the Trehan clan, who became known as Guru Angad.

Guru Angad named Guru Amar Das, also a Khatri but of the Bhalla clan, as the third Guru.

After Congress ministries resigned across the land, the parties led by Jinnah, Ambedkar and Ramasami jointly observed 22 December 1939 as Deliverance Day.

In the new situation created by Hitler's war, Linlithgow was more successful at dividing Indians than Gandhi was in uniting them.

Hindu-Muslim clashes occurred in the 1880s and 1890s in the towns of Multan, Isa Khel (Mianwali district), Dera Ghazi Khan, Delhi, Rohtak and Ludhiana.