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would be "captured and killed" that very night.

it was essential for both timekeeping and for navigation.

The ampolletas consisted of a glass vessel divided into two compartments.

And that was exactly the conclusion to which Cartagena came.

Spain's top naval officer, the Marquis of Santa Cruz commenced a steep decline

With him went Spain's best hope for defending itself against Drake.

for the voyage to Magellan and Faleiro, instructions so detailed that the two commanders might have thought the king

climbed back on deck, where he no doubt breathed a sigh of relief.

Was it any wonder that the ship, with all its filth and noise and

nauseating odor, was called pájaro puerco, a flying pig?

That order would prove impossible to enforce, as would another clause prohibiting the use of firearms

No illustrations of them have survived, so it is difficult to determine exactly how they were configured

convened a court that hastily found Burroughs guilty of desertion and pronounced the sentence: death.

set the stage for endless challenges to Magellan's authority, in other words, for mutiny.

He appointed his cousin, Álvaro de Mesquita, as judge presiding over an exhaustive trial.

originally published in eight volumes in Valladolid, Spain, in 1545

With modifications, this calendar was adopted by Christian churches around the world, including those in Spain.

Following a bitter dispute with King Manuel, Haro left Lisbon for Seville

pilot; and a priest all guilty of treasonous behavior.

This judgment was unquestionably excessive. Their behavior was that of frightened men rather than of conspirators.

Although incomplete, the description of Lisboa's clandestine voyage was consistent with the strait that Magellan eventually explored.

Winter, in London, was thrown into prison for deserting the captain general.

he confused Behaim's rendition with that of another Nuremberg mapmaker, Johannes Schöner, a professor of mathematics who

According to most accounts, he was born in 1480, in the remote mountain parish of Sabrosa