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By the time Justinian died in 565, aged over eighty

the other, a fragile alliance of Thebes, Corinth, Argos, and Athens, backed by Persia.

After the death of Commodus in 192 CE, civil war and empire-wide chaos lasted

The only large, centralised, developed state with a Mediterranean coastline was Egypt.

Anywhere else on the coasts of the Mediterranean

into the Aegean by order of the Senate in 67 BCE with five hundred ships and over a hundred thousand

The standard Greek terms for these would soon become established as, respectively, tyrannis, demokratia, and oligarchia.

some supporting Macedonia, others, including Athens, supporting Rome.

Among them was Polybius, who would spend the next twenty years of his life there

writing the greater part of his History and trying to make sense of it all.

From then on, this would remain the official title, in Greek, of every ruler to rule from Constantinople

The city is known to the Hittites as Millawanda and will later enter Greek history under the name Miletus.

couple of hundred miles to the north and slightly to the west, the strait known as the Dardanelles

a sense Heraclius was the last emperor to rule over the people who still called themselves 'Romans'.

Even Bohemond, the son of Robert Guiscard, who had fought against Byzantium before

into their hands and enslaved the children and women.

The fate of Melos was by no means the only atrocity recorded by Thucydides

that trumps any residual loyalty that some may have felt towards the resurgent Greek-speaking state of Byzantium.

eventually to become known by the alternative Greek name, which may be no less ancient, Troy (Troia).

in broad daylight in the centre of Rome.

Athenian politician Lycurgus pronounced the obituary in 330 BCE

there are many who date the end of 'classical' Greek civilisation to the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE.

The decisive battle was fought at the beginning of August 338 BCE on the banks of the Cephisus River in Boeotia

The land is like the garden of Eden before them," wrote the author of Joel, "but after them a desolate wilderness.