Quotes About Subtype

arrays are covariant. This scary-sounding word means simply that if Sub is a subtype of Super, then the array type Sub[] is a subtype of the array type Super[]. Generics, by contrast, are invariant: for any two distinct types Type1 and Type2, List is neither a subtype nor a supertype of List. You might think this means that generics are deficient, but arguably it is arrays that are deficient.

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The Substitution Principle tells us that wherever a value of one type is expected, one may provide a value of any subtype of that type: