Quotes About Institutions

La Revolución francesa creó mucha violencia, sufrimiento, inestabilidad y guerra. No obstante, gracias a ella, los franceses no quedaron atrapados en instituciones extractivas que bloqueaban el crecimiento y la prosperidad económicos, como hicieron los regímenes absolutistas de Europa oriental como Austria-Hungría y Rusia.

Para ser inclusivas, las instituciones económicas deben ofrecer seguridad de la propiedad privada, un sistema jurídico imparcial y servicios públicos que proporcionen igualdad de condiciones en los que las personas puedan realizar intercambios y firmar contratos; además de permitir la entrada de nuevas empresas y dejar que cada persona elija la profesión a la que se quiere dedicar.

Las instituciones económicas inclusivas implican la existencia de derechos de propiedad seguros y oportunidades económicas no solamente para la élite, sino también para la mayor parte de la sociedad.

The synergies between extractive economic and political institutions create a vicious circle, where extractive institutions, once in place, tend to persist. Similarly, there is a virtuous circle associated with inclusive economic and political institutions.

how the institutions of Western Europe diverged from those in Eastern Europe and then how those of England diverged from those in the rest of Western Europe. This was a consequence of small institutional differences, mostly resulting from institutional drift interacting with critical junctures.

We have to understand why the politics of some societies lead to inclusive institutions that foster economic growth, while the politics of the vast majority of societies throughout history has led, and still leads today, to extractive institutions that hamper economic growth.

Las instituciones económicas inclusivas también allanan el camino para otros dos motores de prosperidad: la tecnología y la educación.

The growth generated by extractive institutions is very different in nature from growth created under inclusive institutions, however. Most important, it is not sustainable. By their very nature, extractive institutions do not foster creative destruction and generate at best only a limited amount of technological progress. The growth they engender thus lasts for only so long. The Soviet experience gives a vivid illustration of this limit.

Fear of creative destruction is often at the root of the opposition to inclusive economic and political institutions.

Denominaremos instituciones políticas inclusivas a aquellas que están suficientemente centralizadas y que son pluralistas. Cuando falle alguna de estas condiciones, nos referiremos a ellas como instituciones políticas extractivas.

Los países fracasan cuando tienen instituciones económicas extractivas, apoyadas por instituciones políticas extractivas que impiden e incluso bloquean el crecimiento económico.

Many, such as the Ottoman Empire, China, and other absolutist regimes, lagged behind as they blocked or at the very least did nothing to encourage the spread of industry. Political and economic institutions shaped the response to technological innovation, creating once again the familiar pattern of interaction between existing institutions and critical junctures leading to divergence in institutions and economic outcomes. The

Nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractive political institutions that impede and even block economic growth.

The institutional dynamics we have described ultimately determined which countries took advantage of the major opportunities present in the nineteenth century onward and which ones failed to do so. The roots of the world inequality we observe today can be found in this divergence. With a few exceptions, the rich countries of today are those that embarked on the process of industrialization and technological change starting in the nineteenth century, and the poor ones are those that did not.

But given the changes that had already taken place in economic and political institutions, long-run repression was not a solution in England. The Peterloo Massacre would remain an isolated incident. Following the riot, the political institutions in England gave way to the pressure, and the destabilizing threat of much wider social unrest

Congo, vividly illustrates how political institutions determine economic institutions and, through these, the economic incentives and the scope for economic growth.

the prime determinant of why agricultural productivity—agricultural output per acre—is so low in many poor countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has little to do with soil quality. Rather, it is a consequence of the ownership structure of the land and the incentives that are created for farmers by the governments and institutions under which they live.

Kingdom of Kongo when European traders arrived. The long-distance trade that transformed Europe also transformed the Kingdom of Kongo, but again, initial institutional differences mattered. Kongolese absolutism transmogrified from completely dominating society, with extractive economic institutions that merely captured all the agricultural output of its citizens, to enslaving people en masse and selling them to the Portuguese in exchange for guns and luxury goods for the Kongolese elite.

In England there was a long history of absolutist rule that was deeply entrenched and required a revolution to remove it. In the United States and Australia, there was no such thing. The inclusive institutions established in the United States and Australia meant that the Industrial Revolution spread quickly to these lands and they began to get rich.

The most important lesson is that extractive institutions cannot generate sustained technological change for two reasons: the lack of economic incentives and resistance by the elites.

In this chapter, we will see how during the critical juncture created by the Industrial Revolution, many nations missed the boat and failed to take advantage of the spread of industry. Either they had absolutist political and extractive economic institutions, as in the Ottoman Empire, or they lacked political centralization, as in Somalia. A

The solution to the economic and political failure of nations today is to transform their extractive institutions toward inclusive ones. The vicious circle means that this is not easy. But it is not impossible, and the iron law of oligarchy is not inevitable. Either some preexisting inclusive elements in institutions, or the presence of broad coalitions leading the fight against the existing regime, or just the contingent nature of history, can break vicious circles.

Las instituciones económicas inclusivas exigen no solamente mercados, sino mercados inclusivos que creen unas reglas de juego más equitativas y oportunidades económicas para la mayoría de la gente. El monopolio generalizado, respaldado por el poder político de la élite, contradice esta posibilidad.

Though the extractive institutions that the Mayas created produced sufficient wealth for the cities to flourish and the elite to become wealthy and generate great art and monumental buildings, the system was not stable. The extractive institutions upon which this narrow elite ruled created extensive inequality, and thus the potential for infighting between those who could benefit from the wealth extracted from the people. This conflict ultimately led to the undoing of the Maya civilization. W