Quotes About Extractive

The rulers of the Soviet Union would have had to abandon extractive economic institutions, but such a move would have jeopardized their political power. Indeed, when Mikhail Gorbachev started to move away from extractive economic institutions after 1987, the power of the Communist Party crumbled, and with it, the Soviet Union. T

The Maya experience illustrates not only the possibility of growth under extractive institutions but also another fundamental limit to this type of growth: the political instability that emerges and ultimately leads to collapse of both society and state as different groups and people fight to become the extractors.

THE SOVIET UNION was able to generate rapid growth even under extractive institutions because the Bolsheviks built a powerful centralized state and used it to allocate resources toward industry. But as in all instances of growth under extractive institutions, this experience did not feature technological change and was not sustained.

We will conclude by illustrating, with the example of the Maya city-states, how growth under extractive institutions is limited not only because of lack of technological progress but also because it will encourage infighting from rival groups wishing to take control of the state and the extraction it generates.

While part of the appeal of authoritarian growth comes as a reaction to the Washington consensus, perhaps its greater charm—certainly to the rulers presiding over extractive institutions—is that it gives them free rein in maintaining and even strengthening their hold on power and legitimizes their extraction.

la rentabilidad de los imperios coloniales europeos a menudo se basaba en la destrucción de Estados independientes y de economías indígenas de todo el mundo o en la creación de instituciones extractivas esencialmente desde cero.

The vicious circle is based on extractive political institutions creating extractive economic institutions, which in turn support the extractive political institutions, because economic wealth and power buy political power.

albeit of a particularly vicious and inefficient type. Countries become failed states not because of their geography or their culture, but because of the legacy of extractive institutions

THE SOVIET UNION was able to generate rapid growth even under extractive institutions because the Bolsheviks built a powerful centralized state and used it to allocate resources toward industry.

La Revolución francesa creó mucha violencia, sufrimiento, inestabilidad y guerra. No obstante, gracias a ella, los franceses no quedaron atrapados en instituciones extractivas que bloqueaban el crecimiento y la prosperidad económicos, como hicieron los regímenes absolutistas de Europa oriental como Austria-Hungría y Rusia.

The synergies between extractive economic and political institutions create a vicious circle, where extractive institutions, once in place, tend to persist. Similarly, there is a virtuous circle associated with inclusive economic and political institutions.

We have to understand why the politics of some societies lead to inclusive institutions that foster economic growth, while the politics of the vast majority of societies throughout history has led, and still leads today, to extractive institutions that hamper economic growth.

Fruits of unsustainable extractive growth: Zheng He's ship alongside Columbus's Santa Maria Gregory A. Harlin/National Geographic Stock

The growth generated by extractive institutions is very different in nature from growth created under inclusive institutions, however. Most important, it is not sustainable. By their very nature, extractive institutions do not foster creative destruction and generate at best only a limited amount of technological progress. The growth they engender thus lasts for only so long. The Soviet experience gives a vivid illustration of this limit.

Denominaremos instituciones políticas inclusivas a aquellas que están suficientemente centralizadas y que son pluralistas. Cuando falle alguna de estas condiciones, nos referiremos a ellas como instituciones políticas extractivas.

Los países fracasan cuando tienen instituciones económicas extractivas, apoyadas por instituciones políticas extractivas que impiden e incluso bloquean el crecimiento económico.

Nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractive political institutions that impede and even block economic growth.

The most important lesson is that extractive institutions cannot generate sustained technological change for two reasons: the lack of economic incentives and resistance by the elites.

In this chapter, we will see how during the critical juncture created by the Industrial Revolution, many nations missed the boat and failed to take advantage of the spread of industry. Either they had absolutist political and extractive economic institutions, as in the Ottoman Empire, or they lacked political centralization, as in Somalia. A

Though the extractive institutions that the Mayas created produced sufficient wealth for the cities to flourish and the elite to become wealthy and generate great art and monumental buildings, the system was not stable. The extractive institutions upon which this narrow elite ruled created extensive inequality, and thus the potential for infighting between those who could benefit from the wealth extracted from the people. This conflict ultimately led to the undoing of the Maya civilization. W

Denominamos instituciones económicas extractivas a las que tienen propiedades opuestas a las instituciones inclusivas. Son extractivas porque tienen como objetivo extraer rentas y riqueza de un subconjunto de la sociedad para beneficiar a un subconjunto distinto.

La lección más importante que se puede aprender es que las instituciones extractivas no pueden generar un cambio tecnológico sostenido por dos razones: la falta de incentivos económicos y la resistencia por parte de las élites.

We will refer to political institutions that are sufficiently centralized and pluralistic as inclusive political institutions. When either of these conditions fails, we will refer to the institutions as extractive political institutions. There

Inclusive economic institutions that enforce property rights, create a level playing field, and encourage investments in new technologies and skills are more conducive to economic growth than extractive economic institutions that are structured to extract resources from the many by the few and that fail to protect property rights or provide incentives for economic activity.