Quotes About Reasoning

Jumping to conclusions is a safer sport in the world of our imagination than it is in reality. Statistics

System 1 runs ahead of the facts in constructing a rich image on the basis of scraps of evidence.

when System 2 is otherwise engaged, we will believe almost anything. System 1 is gullible and biased to believe

Gruesome images, endlessly repeated in the media, cause everyone to be on edge. As I know from experience, it is difficult to reason oneself into a state of complete calm.

If a satisfactory answer to a hard question is not found quickly, System 1 will find a related question that is easier and will answer it. I

Irrational is a strong word, which connotes impulsivity, emotionality, and a stubborn resistance to reasonable argument.

The executive's decision would today be described as an example of the affect heuristic, where judgments and decisions are guided directly by feelings of liking and disliking, with little deliberation or reasoning.

Social scientists in the 1970s broadly accepted two ideas about human nature. First, people are generally rational, and their thinking is normally sound. Second, emotions such as fear, affection, and hatred explain most of the occasions on which people depart from rationality.

Frederick's findings suggest that the characters of our psychodrama have different "personalities." System 1 is impulsive and intuitive; System 2 is capable of reasoning, and it is cautious, but at least for some people it is also lazy. We recognize related differences among individuals: some people are more like their System 2; others are closer to their System 1. This simple test has emerged

automatic search for causes shapes our thinking

The way to block errors that originate in System 1 is simple in principle: recognize the signs that you are in a cognitive minefield, slow down, and ask for reinforcement from System 2. This is how you will proceed when you next encounter the Müller-Lyer illusion. When you see lines with fins pointing in different directions, you will recognize the situation as one in which you should not trust your impressions of length.

A matter of judgment is one with some uncertainty about the answer and where we allow for the possibility that reasonable and competent people might disagree.

Subjects' unwillingness to deduce the particular from the general was matched only by their willingness to infer the general from the particular.

In the absence of a competing intuition, logic prevails.

If the second object starts moving instantly, they describe it as having been "launched" by the first. Experiments have shown that six-month-old infants see the sequence of events as a cause-effect scenario, and they indicate surprise when the sequence is altered. We are evidently ready from birth to have impressions of causality, which do not depend on reasoning about patterns of causation. They are products of System 1.

Intelligence is not only the ability to reason; it is also the ability to find relevant material in memory and to deploy attention when needed. Memory function is an attribute of System 1. However

the brain is a machine for jumping to conclusions

System 1 operates as a machine for jumping to conclusions.

A bat and ball cost $1.10. The bat costs one dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?

The technical definition of heuristic is a simple procedure that helps find adequate, though often imperfect, answers to difficult questions.

counties are different from other counties for a reason, that there must be a cause that explains this difference. As we shall see, however

The dominance of conclusions over arguments is most pronounced where emotions are involved.

The laziness of System 2 is an important fact of life, and the observation that representativeness can block the application of an obvious logical rule is also of some interest.

on reasoning about patterns of causation. They are products of System 1. In 1944, at about the same